Pharmacology The Study Of Drugs And Their Reactions
Not to be confused with the profession of pharmacist is the science of pharmacology. The basic precepts of pharmacology is to study various compounds to discover how these substances react with a living organism and what changes are made in its function because of them. It is through the study of pharmacology that the drugs we develop as medicine are discovered and refined.
There are several aspects to pharmacology that all interact within the whole. The properties and composition of various drugs is an elementary function of this science. It includes the study of how these drugs interact with natural physiological functions as well as how they interrelate to other drugs. It encompasses the toxicology of chemicals and compounds and the effects these poisons have and how some can actually be used for beneficial purposes.
Drug therapy and medical applications of drugs is a further aspect of pharmacology. It is in this critical science that it is determined what use can be made of a chemical or herbal substance in the cure or prevention of illness or disease. Here is where dosages and combinations are tested to find the most effective use for the drugs that are produced.
There are times when it is unknown exactly how a drug works on the body to achieve the desired effect. However, many drugs are still approved because of their ability to work on a problem. Within the field of pharmacology it will still be studied so that when its pathology is finally discovered, new and better forms can be produced.
While pharmacology deals with the chemicals used to treat illness it is essential for the practitioner to have a very in-depth understanding of the body and how it works.
Through the increased understanding of biochemistry and cell biology it is possible to construct chemicals uniquely designed to affect specific neural transmitters or the chemical receptors on the cell's surface. These "designer" drugs can be very powerful at pinpointing one specific part of the body for treatment and prevent unwanted side effects from creating worse situations than the original disease.
Even one's genetic make-up can effect the performance of a medicinal drug and how it reacts to a specific body type. Pharmacogenetics is a growing subset of pharmacology which studies the variations in particular groups to determine how severe these fluctuations are and if there is some aspect of genetic science that can improve the overall usefulness for everyone.
With the new genome mapping techniques available pharmacology can now target specific genes in the DNA of an individual and develop individualized cures for more of the hereditary conditions that plague humanity.
Since most medical compounds are designed for specific effects it is possible that even a slight variance in the structure or dosage can create a different effect. Therefore pharmacology is heavily regulated. Development of new medicinal drugs can take years in the development and testing stages before it will be approved for use on human subjects. Most of pharmacology is research.
It has been noted that sometimes there will be only one new drug produced and approved out of thousands of chemicals tested. The process can take years to complete and it is for this reason the drug manufacturers will sometimes limit their research to only those areas that have a high demand or will obtain patents for exclusive production as a means to recoup the money spent on research.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY IN LACTATING COWS & THEIR CALVES
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is agro based country. Its economy is mostly depends on agriculture (BBS 2002). Livestock plays an important role in nutrition - directly through the consumption of animal products by livestock owners and their families; and indirectly through the sale of animals and animal products as a source of income (FAO report ,1999).
The genetic composition of animals in the production system determines the response of the system to the different inputs. Often, local livestock breeds do not produce at a high level as they have been selected for survival under difficult conditions, including under-nutrition and exposure to various diseases. In contrast, highly productive breeds are more susceptible to disease, thereby increasing the need for animal health measures. These animals often require a high level of nutrition to gain the production benefits (FAO report, 1999).
Many animals receive maintenance or below maintenance levels of nutrition resulting in low levels of production. Increasing the quantity of feed by reducing the number of animals does not provide a solution as the nutritional value of the available feed is low. The addition of a small amount of higher quality feed can have a large effect on production in this situation. In the case of milk production, the use of cattle with a small body size would result in reduced maintenance requirements of the animal, thus enabling more efficient use of available feed for milk production (FAO report, 1999).
When animals are fed a low quality rations and are not protected from disease, genetic traits for survival are more important than those for production. With an increase in nutrition and health, large gains are made in productivity. Improvements in production traits only become important once certain conditions in health and nutrition are met and production levels reached. These conditions vary between species. Livestock health is a limiting factor to production (FAO report, 1999).
Physiological equilibrium is maintained mainly by the blood in the body (Geneser, 1986).but many physiological conditions may alter this equilibrium. When thorough history and physical examination fail to yield a diagnosis in difficult cases, many practitioners turn to blood samples for a complete blood count and chemistry panel, hoping these tests will identify the problem (Navarre Christine, 2007).
Normal blood work can rule out some diseases. And if there are abnormalities, they might aid in establishing a prognosis and/or developing a therapeutic plan, even if a specific diagnosis is lacking (Navarre Christine, 2007).
The importance of hematobiochemical indices in animal husbandry is well acknowledged. Metabolic disturbance usually by inappropriate feeding without manifestation of clinical symptoms are important in animal husbandry and may cause insufficiently developed breeding cattle (Radostits et al., 2003).
The changes in hematological constituents are important indicators of the physiological or pathological state of the animal (Ahmed Ijaz et al., 2003).Blood examination is also performed for screening procedure to asses general health (Gutienez et al., 1971; Jain, N.C; Peinado,V.I. et al., 1993).
The complete blood count (CBC) is an important and powerful diagnostic tool as a component of a minimum database. It can be used to monitor response to therapy, to gage the severity of an illness or as a starting point for formulating a list of differential diagnosis. Interpretation of the (CBC) can be broken down into three sections: evaluation of the erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelets. Each of these parameters can be interpret individually: however , integration of the data is important for the highest diagnostic yield (Barger et al., 2003).
It is well known that variables such as breed, stage of growth, age, reproduction status and stage of lactation have an influence on many blood parameters (Doornenbal et al., 1988).
Hematological values such as total red blood cell count (Koubkova et al., 2002) packed cell volume (El-Nouty et al., 1990), Mean corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin concentration (Kumar et al., 2000) and white blood cell (Gutienez-De Lar et al., 1971), i.e lymphocyte and Monocyte are indicated adaptability to adverse environmental condition. However, hematological values are used for indicating stress and welfare (Anderson et al., 1999). Determination of normal values for hematological and blood biochemical values are important for the clinical interpretation of laboratory data. These indices may vary depending on factors such as sex, age, weather, stress, season and physical exercise ( Kaneco et al.,1999).
Hence, the hematological values during different physiological situations should be known for the diagnosis of various pathological and metabolic disorders, which can adversely affect the productive and reproductive performance of cows, resulting in great economic losses to dairy farmers ( Pyne and Maria, 1981; Dutta et al., 1988 ).
There is less research work in Bangladesh on the hematological and biochemical profiling of cow and its calf.
Aim of the study:
To know the hematology and biochemical values in calf.
To compare the hematology and biochemical values of cow and calf.
To know the nutritional and disease status of animal.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Study Period
This study was conducted for a period of 17 days ( 26 , August-11 september,2009) in Metro Dairy Farm, Kulgaon, Hathazary, Chittagong.
Selection of Farm
Chittagong area is potential for dairy farm because of its high demand of fluid milk, suitable weather, feeds and fodder availability, available veterinary facilities from Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. So there is good communication with university and dairy farms as for giving various technical supports to the farms and for some research work also. Metro Dairy Farm was selected for conducting the study because of its suitable location, large population, satisfactory record keeping system, proper feeding and management and also for their kind cooperation.
Study population
Study population was 30 cross bred multiparous (HF X Local, Shahiwal X Local, HF x Shahiwal X Local.) lactating cows and their 30 calves. Cows were in different age and production status. Calves were also in different age and feeding stage.
Health status of animal
All animals involved in this study were clinically healthy and for ensure this clinical history was reviewed with the farm manager with the examination of physical condition. Their physiological status of cows were non pregnant lactating cow . Calves were mostly lives on milk and some are grass also.
General Management System of METRO DAIRY FARM
Housing System-The pattern of housing is both face -in and face-out system. There is different shed for different status of animal eg. milch cow shed, heifer shed, dry cow shed, pregnant cow shed and calf shed. In every shed there is individual cow distance, common allay, gutter etc. The floor is made of concrete. Surface of the floor is even and generally no bedding material is used. There is proper drainage facility and quick disposal of animal waste. Farm workers wash the floor three times daily and bath the cows once daily. There is both natural and artificial air flow and available light in every shed.
Feeding System- There are separate mangers for each of the cattle. Both roughage and concentrates are offered to them. The farmer grows German grass besides the farm area and have own cattle feed mil. Available green fodder is supplied from own fodder land and Concentrate from own feed mil called Metro Dairy Feed. Only straw is bought from other
Concentrate mixture contains- Rice polish,Wheat bran , Broken maize,Broken rice ,Tiloil cake,Mustard oil cake, coconut oil cake,Pulse husk, Molasses, salt,Toxin binder etc.The feeding schedule-Concentrate and straw is supplied at 10am, green fodder at 12am again concentrate at 6.30pm and straw at 7.30pm.
Calf Management- The calves are weaned and usually fed by pale feeding. Colostrums feeding is practiced by nipple drinker. They supply drinking water from underground water source. They supply concentrate according to thumb rule (3 kg for maintainance+50% of the milk production).
Production Management--The farm produces about 310 lit liters in the morning and about 110 liters at afternoon. The average daily yield of the farm is about 420 liters. The farmer practice hand milking. Before milking milker's hands and teat dipping is practiced buy potassium per manganate PPM (0.1%). They also practice dry cow therapy for drying the cows.
Breeding management--Most of the milkers detect heat of their cows during milking in the morning and AI usually done within 10-14hrs by AI technician. Usually AI is done 2 times per conception for each of the cows . Sometimes natural service is practiced by the farmers. Mostly they use HF semen. Generally they keep AI sheet as a breeding record which is provided by AI technician. AI technician or Veterinarian diagnose the pregnancy by rectal palpation.
Health Therapeutics and Preventive Management--There is a least prevalence of infectious diseases in the farm. When any symptom of sickness arises the farmer calls a veterinarian. Anthelmentic treatment and vaccination is regularly
??????> NYC based Gynecologists help women regain their health
Gynecology and other women diseases are generally well treated or managed by the several professional NYC Gynecologist fraternity who dedicate their career to ensure the most appropriate diagnosis and treatment for millions of women in this large city. The services are not only availed by the New Yorkers but also people from all over the world who may be referred by their house physicians to one or the other gynecological specialists in the US. Most of the gynecological problems one is primarily concerned about are the pre-invasive diseases. The conditions include amongst others cervical problems, endometrial hyperplasia, pap smear, vulvar and vaginal dysplasia or other conditions and procedures used in gynecology treatments, lesions, cancers and related malignant conditions etc. Women must always keep a close contact with an established gynecologist in their neighborhood as this branch of medicine is most important for their well being and continuing good health. The online websites of many gynecologists help in consulting in an initial stage or informing the public of various important conditions that need immediate attention. This is one good way of remaining in touch with the latest medical developments and medicines evolving from time to time.
One of the most important and significant medical specialty is the NYC Breast Cancer care centers that are a part of the prominent gynecology fraternity. The topic forms a part of the complex gynecology that most specialists practice and care for in the case of women. Periodic precautionary care and diagnosis for breast cancer is an essential part of Women Health Care and one must always pay due attention to the procedures suggested by the doctors. The methods sometimes require complicated testing and examination but this is necessary to correctly and timely diagnose malignancy and begin the right treatment to curtail its growth and ensure a favorable prognosis in the long run. Many times the findings lead to cancer diagnosis during the complex gynecological procedures conducted by the gynecological specialists. In fact with the rapid advancement in the knowledge of cancer and other similar malignancies, the specialists are now able to guide the patient to recovery in the most professional manner. The earlier myth of not divulging gynecological or sexual problems has completely disappeared and now people and especially women freely consult the specialists for even the smallest problems they encounter in their lives.
Pilot Genetic Studies on Some Peoples in India; Ascribing Themselves as ?bene Israel? or ?children of Israel? Confirming Their Middle Eastern Origin
His Denial:
Of being an apparition, baring his wounds he called for food.
Wounded, but Alive
After the crucifixion, Jesus came under the care of his devoted followers who brought him into a spacious tomb.
If a man survived the death punishment, we would expect such a person to show clear evidence of the wounds. We would expect him to keep a low profile and move away from the place of crucifixion, as there may be the chance of re-arrest. Fear would be exhibited by his followers out of concern for their m After the crucifixion, Jesus came under the care of his devoted followers who brought him into a spacious tomb aster.
The Gospel testimony leads precisely to that conclusion.
Jesus shows his wounds to Thomas (John 20:25-7), showing he did not have a supernatural, resurrected body, but a patient’s body.
He hurriedly travelled away from the locality of the crucifixion and chose to meet only his closest followers:
“Go tell my brothers to leave for Galilee, and they will see me there” (Matthew 28:10).
The followers of Jesus were frightened to the extent that they decided not to tell anyone about his emergence from the tomb (Mark 16:8).
Not once did Jesus appear before his persecutors or wandered through the center of Jerusalem asking people now to accept him as the resurrected Messiah who had atoned for their sins.
All we have is a man in his earthly body of flesh and bones (Luke 24:39) who suffered pangs of hunger (Luke 24:41) and staying out of the lime-light. In convincing his disciples that he had the same wounded body, he in effect was showing he never died as God saved him from the ordeal just as Jonah emerged alive from the fish (see “Sign of Jonah”).
Life after Crucifixion
After his survival, Jesus travelled as far as Kashmir, India and preached to the Lost Tribes of Israel. His tomb can be found there to this day.
Lost Tribes Found:
He went towards India in search of the lost tribes.
Beyond the Euphrates
T
raditional Jewish history and Biblical texts divided this Semitic people into twelve tribes. In the time of Jesus, only two of the tribes were in the region Jesus preached, whereas the whereabouts of the remaining ten has always been a bit of a mystery.
The second century historian Josephus wrote in his book Antiquities of the Jews that the ten tribes were ‘beyond Euphrates’ in his time, east of present day Iraq and in the Persian empire of the time which extended into India.
It is also notable that early Church history documents the existence of a Gospel in the Hebrew language found in India, which also confirms Israelites in India. St Jerome (c 400 A.D) wrote that the scholar Pantaenus in the second century came across the document in his travels. St Jerome further wrote that the Israelites in his time continue to live in the Persian empire.
The mission of Jesus was to reach out to the Lost Tribes (or ‘Sheep’) of Israel, as stated in Matthew 15:24. It was thus imperative for him to migrate to the east.
The mass of evidence showing that the peoples of Afghanistan, north-west India (particularly Kashmir) and neighboring areas are of Israelite ancestry continues to grow. Their physical features, language, folklore, customs and festivals attest to their Israelite heritage. Evidence also come from the names they give to their villages, their monuments and ancient historical works.
Some pilot genetic studies on peoples in India who to this day call themselves ‘Bene Israel’ or ‘Children of Israel’ confirm their middle eastern origin.
http://www.alislam.org/topics/jesus/
Paarsurrey says:
Please read the above Ahmadia view-point and accept the truth only if it satisfies your heart and soul, your mind and conscience;absolutely no compulsion.
My Christian friends should feel free to make any peaceful comments; even if they differ with me.
I love Jesus , Mary and Muhammad.
Thanks
I am an Ahmadi peaceful Muslim
whitemunara@yahoo.com