Smile creators of Phoenix
When we meet with people the first impression which we give to them is our smile. Smile is non verbal way of communication with the people, we don’t need to buy it, and it’s free for everyone. But what will happen when your smile is going against yourself and makes people to avoid communication with you and all this because of your weird smile due to irregular teeth lining and spaces.
Nowadays irregular teeth line, spaces between the teeth is very common which will give you unpleasant appearance which will ultimately down your moral and hinder the way of your success. All these can be stop by the help of orthodontists. Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry which work on the problem of irregular teeth and spaces between the teeth; ultimately alignment of the teeth.
Gapping between the teeth generates by reason of difference of size of tooth bone and chin bone. Other reasons for the creation of spaces are thumb sucking, tongue thrust, periodontal diseases etc. Orthodontic treatment can be done by wearing bracels or a retainer. In the procedure metal wire and metal brackets are used. Metal wire is inserted through the metal brackets and proper fixing of both of this helps in the alignment of the teeth. The duration of the whole process is around 2 years.
If you are in Phoenix then just forget all your worries about orthodontic treatment because phoenix orthodontics uses the latest technology, updated information and modern equipments gives you 99.95 positive results. Some of the successful phoenix orthodontics are Lakeshore orthodontics, thesmilecreators, Dunn orthodontics, Team orthodontics, Bracedoc clinic, Butterfly braces, Harrisdental, Blue orthodontics, Brooks Orthodontics, Rustyjones orthodontics etc.
During the treatment patient should take special precautions like do not eat any hard things which will make pressure on your gums, keep proper hygiene of teeth and meet timely to the dentist for the routine check up. Orthodontic treatment can be given to the both adult and children. Phoenix orthodontics creates beautiful smiles that will enhance one’s confidence and performance in their personal & professional life.
Psycological case study on rape vicitims in Delhi and Bihar
Extended Essay (EE)
Swati Sugandh
Rape is not a simple crime. Worse than murder, it is scar the victim has to carry his or her's whole life. Defining rape is moreover not simple. The Oxford Dictionary defines rape as the crime, committed by a man, of forcing another person to have sexual intercourse with him without their consent and against their will, especially by the threat or use of violence against them. Rape is not only about physically damaging, it is emotionally traumatizing and more psychologically involved with a deep impact, that will be proved later in the cases dealt with below. Thus, that makes the whole yarn about rape even more complex.
Legally, its definition varies the world over, from countries having very lenient perspective on the crime to countries with exhaustive laws of all aspects of rape, to very strict laws. In some extreme cases, rape is meted out even as a punishment. For instance, in Pakistan, the Mukhtar Mai Case made headlines around the world in 2002. Mukhtar Mai’s adolescent brother was accused of sexually assaulting a young woman from another clan. A tribal council ordered that Mai be publicly gang-raped as punishment in order to shame her family. Moreover, historically rape has been used as a weapon of war. Rape seems to have been used differently by different social or cultural groups over time. Hence rape is viewed in multiple perspectives.
Referring to statistics, and focusing on the endless surveys, there is a very dangerous picture that gets etched. A particular survey indicated that at least thirteen per cent of females above the age of eighteen had been victim of at least one rape; not considering rape attempts at all. It is a huge social, cultural, and criminal stigma that has been there since mankind has been evolving.There are different patterns of rape that we will see in the cases studied below. Firstly, anger rape that is characterized by physical and verbal abuse, while the action is taking place and debasing the victim to take out the frustration in order to discharge the anger and using sex as a weapon. Secondly, power rape, Sex becomes a way to compensate for power rapist’s underlying feelings of inadequacy and feeds his concerns of capability, strength, authority and mastery. The power rapist relies upon verbal threats, intimidation with a weapon, and only uses the amount of force necessary to suppress his victim. Thirdly, sadistic rape, generally involves torture and self-possession. The victim's injuries will be primarily focused on the sexual areas of her body; there may be damage of these areas. In some cases, sexual gratification may not be the mail goal, or even an aspect of what the rapist wants. Sometimes it may be about showing dominance and control. Sometimes to just cause fear and suffering, or any other such analogy. The rapist uses some type of instrument or foreign object to penetrate his victim. That effectively means that nearly every eighth or seventh female has been a victim of at least one rape in her life.
India with all its diversity and vibrancy, different languages, different cultures, different social and cultural environments can help us find some answers we search to study what exactly leads to rape. Delhi the capital of India and Bihar a state of the Indian republic in the north of India are places where these incidents have found to be occurring in a lob-sided manner when compared to other parts of India. Delhi leading to be called the rape capital of India, while Bihar got the infamous name- Rapistan for the same reasons. Case studies from these two regions should therefore make for some interesting insights into our understanding of rape.
Delhi as the capital of India, over a predominantly Punjabi culture has a high influx of people from all over India, primarily from the northern states as people migrate towards better opportunities and living conditions. Delhi with rapid urbanization and growth, high rates of education and intense access to media resulting in a heavy western influence in schools, still has high rape rates that are increasing. The urban spaces of Delhi are not friendly to women at all.
According to the most recent National Crime Records Bureau annual report, Delhi has the highest crime rate of 357 percent amongst mega cities in 2006. The previous year figures show that Delhi is risky for women. It has the highest rate of crime against women, 33 percent rape cases, 23 percent molestation cases, is the highest for any metro city. But this does not find proof in Delhi. Delhi has high literacy rates. People here are highly aware. It has stronger government and less corruption. Up to ninety percent of the cases which happen every twenty four hours are solved and rapists prosecuted. Thus there in theory should be less of rapes. But a case contrary to this is in place. What could be a possible reason for all this could be as in the rape case explained earlier, high amount of sexual frustration in the youth culminating from the fact that, Delhi has a heavy western influence. This pours out itself in manners, one of which is rapes.
Bihar on the other hand now, is one of the most underdeveloped states in India. It is known for corruption, mis-governance and illiteracy which have successfully thwarted the state’s growth in terms of civil and economic growth, educational growth as well as cultural and social growth leading to high levels of stigma in society, high levels of backwardness and deep penetration of superstitious belief. One factor that speaks loudest about the state of affairs in Bihar is the huge divide in the literacy rates in the state between males and females, both being low as well. Another factor is the sex ratio which is the most skewed in the country. The sex ratio of 911 for the composite state, Bihar and 907 after the division (Bihar and Jharkhand) state, recorded in 1991, is much below the national sex ratio of 927. At the Census of India 2001, sex ratio of Bihar at 921 is still lower as compared to the national sex ratio which is 933.
By interviewing the rape victims themselves we get a greater sense of how women from diverse backgrounds seem to reflect similar psychological consequences of rape. And moreover understand the pain they went through which is sometimes forgotten when these incidents are overtaken by the media.
Being able to take an interview with a person who has gone through this ordeal is a daunting task in itself and questioning the victim is a much graver task. The incident itself has been a very depressing incident and asking the victim to relive the experience is something that should not be warranted off a victim. So questions to be asked have to be sensitive to the incident and take into account the victim’s background, not making the victim uncomfortable at any point of time.
The NGO which I found in Bihar was one which I selected was doing exceptional work at a very micro level, which I believed had maximum impact. It dealt with helping victims of rape to cope up with their drowned confidence of being a female figure, get back to leading a normal life and give them counseling and in some cases vocational skills to get over the trauma.
Through these NGOs I was able to meet three victims of rape incidents. These case studies are similar in that they were not reported to the police and remained at the level of NGO support. These cases are different in that we are dealing with women from different socio-economic backgrounds however there is a stark similarity in their psychological response to the rape. One was in Delhi, and the other two in Bihar. One of the two in rural Bihar and the other in Urban or by international standards semi-urban parts of Bihar, which is its capital Patna, located at the very center of the state. What is strange about these three incidents is that they are completely different in reason of the crime, the psychology behind them, and in many other factors.
Under directions of the NGOs I was only allowed to ask few questions after they went over the case study of the victim. I went through a lot of case studies in this regard. This process gave me one important realization, more than just rape, some of which are reported, there are a lot more cases of molestation, rape attempts and other atrocities on women and children across different places in India. The problem is much more deep spread and stronger than we can anticipate by our flow of knowledge which comes from the media.
One of the many cases I read through in Bihar was one of the most typical cases of rape in the region. This was a case where three ‘adivasi’ or tribal girls who worked as bonded labors were raped. This was in a rural part of Bihar where these three girls worked in a brick kiln in the Nalanda District, under imaginably bad conditions. These women through the day, under the heat of the sun or the blistering cold, they work long hours at very low pay. These women and children, who work here, live in nearby temporary huts and are offered very little amenities. Thus this all leads to there being no security, in any manner and living conditions below the poverty line.
The huts are 3'x6'x3' which is a used for all purposes like cooking, sleeping, etc. There are no doors. They have made up doors made from straws and wood to keep away dogs. There is no provision for a protection at this kiln. Anybody can enter and leave without any hindrance. There is even no arrangement for toilets or bathing places for any of these laborers. No basic needs are met. All of this results in girls going to the fields for toilet purposes and end up being teased by local boys. There is absolutely no privacy for bathing and being watched by boys roaming around. These women are constantly under threat of
ADHD: Commonly diagnosed disorder in children. Study links childhood deaths and stimulants
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD or ADHD) is a neuron behavioral developmental disorder. It is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children affecting about 3 to 5% of children globally with symptoms starting before seven years of age. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsiveness and inattention, with or without a component of hyperactivity. ADHD is diagnosed twice as frequently in boys as in girls, though studies suggest this discrepancy may be due to subjective bias. ADHD is generally a chronic disorder with 30 to 50% of those individuals diagnosed in childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood. As they mature, adolescents and adults with ADHD are likely to develop coping mechanisms to compensate for their impairment.
Though previously regarded as a childhood diagnosis, ADHD can continue throughout adulthood. Four percent of American adults are estimated to live with ADHD.
ADHD management typically involves some combination of medications, behavior modifications, life-style changes, or counseling.
The most common symptoms of ADHD are:
* Impulsiveness: acting before thinking of consequences, jumping from one activity to another, disorganization, tendency to interrupt other peoples’ conversations.
* Hyperactivity: restlessness, often characterized by an inability to sit still, fidgeting, squirm Ines, climbing on things, restless sleep.
* Inattention: easily distracted, day-dreaming, not finishing work, difficulty listening, and motor clumsiness.
ADHD and its diagnosis and treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s. The controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents and the media, with opinions regarding ADHD that range from not believing it exists at all to believing there are genetic and physiological bases for the condition and also include disagreement about the use of stimulant medications in the treatment. Most healthcare providers accept that ADHD is a genuine disorder with debate in the scientific community mainly around how it is diagnosed and treated.
According to a study published yesterday that was funded by the Food and Drug Administration and the National Institute of Mental Health Children taking stimulant drugs such as Ritalin to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are several times as likely to suffer sudden, unexplained death as children who are not taking such drugs. The study’s lead author, Madelyn Gould, a professor in child psychiatry and epidemiology at Columbia University, said she agreed with the FDA’s advice.
Doctors have speculated about such a connection in the past because stimulants increase heart rate and have other cardiovascular effects. Physicians are currently advised to evaluate patients for cardiac risks before prescribing the drugs, and FDA officials said yesterday that those guidelines do not need strengthening in light of the recent study. About 2.5 million children in the United States take ADHD medications such as Ritalin and Adderall.
“This study reports a significant association or ’signal’ between sudden unexplained death and the use of stimulant medication, specifically methylphenidate,” the study researchers concluded, referring to the chemical name of Ritalin. “While the data have limitations that preclude a definitive conclusion, our findings draw attention to the potential risks of stimulant medications for children and adolescents.”
Since an experimental study comparing the risk of sudden death among children taking medications with those not taking medications would have had to include millions of children to generate a useful scientific result, Gould and a number of colleagues conducted what is known as a matched case-control study: They obtained information about 564 children in the United States who died suddenly and inexplicably between 1985 and 1996. The researchers evaluated how many of the children who died had been taking stimulant drugs by asking their parents and caregivers and by reviewing medical documents.
For every child who died suddenly and inexplicably, the researchers also found another child closely matched in terms of age, sex and other variables who died in a traffic accident. Taking a stimulant drug is unlikely to have played any role in a child getting killed in an accident. If stimulant drugs had nothing to do with sudden, unexplained death, then the number of victims on stimulant drugs who suffered such deaths and the number of victims on stimulant drugs who died in traffic accidents ought to have been about the same.
Gould found that 10 children in the group that suffered sudden, unexplained death had been taking stimulant drugs, whereas only two children in the group killed in traffic accidents were taking such medications.
Robert Temple, director of the Office of Drug Evaluation at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the FDA, said that the study had been well conducted, but that he was concerned that not all parents may accurately recall whether children who died were taking stimulant drugs. When a child dies suddenly, he said, it is natural for a parent to pay close attention to all the medications the child was taking at the time and to report that to researchers. By contrast, he said, parents whose children die in traffic accidents may be less likely to note whether their children are taking medications — and less able to report it years later.
In an editorial accompanying the study, Benedetto Vitiello of the National Institute of Mental Health said that ADHD itself might have increased the risk for sudden, unexplained death. If that were the case, he said, it would explain why more children taking stimulant drugs found in the group that unexpectedly died than among the children who died in traffic accidents.
The researchers who conducted the peer-reviewed study acknowledged that its design precluded definitive answers, but they said that they had taken care to eliminate each of these potential confounders. They did not consider cases of sudden death in which children had asthma or cardiac abnormalities — conditions known to be associated with ADHD — because those factors might have independently raised the risk of sudden death. They also included one child who died in a traffic accident who seemed to have been abusing amphetamines, rather than taking an ADHD medication.
In a press briefing called on short notice yesterday, FDA officials said that given the seriousness of ADHD and the rarity of sudden death Which strikes fewer than 1 in 10,000 children ? the benefits of the drugs outweigh their risks. Agency officials urged parents to discuss concerns with doctors rather than deciding on their own to discontinue a child’s Medication.
Study Overseas- A Unique Experience Of A Life Time
Studying on a foreign soil, i.e study abroad is indeed a dream of many a students in here. But before considering the thought of studying abroad you must always encounter yourself with some questions regarding the study abroad country, its local cultures, if you can and surely will adapt to its cultural, climatic, professional environment. Because of the cost of education, tuition fees, expenses to bear and the difference in various prospect many a students shy away from carrying forward their dream of higher studies in foreign shores. Even if they clear confusions regarding these topics more confusion creeps in as which country to choose, kind of program like voluntary, internship, summer, language, semester etc .
Among the most popular study abroad Countries are study in UK, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Germany, Singapore, Switzerland Now if we start discussing about the merits and demerits of each city or country most probably I will finish up by the end of the current fiscal year.
There are various study abroad programs in UK, Canada, and Malaysia which offer scholarship for various programs. So being prepared ahead of applying will surely help the concerned student.
Overseas study abroad universities also provide accredited high quality academics, great program value, all-inclusive programs covering air-fares, meals, hostel facilities and much more.
Various study abroad colleges all over the world provide vast opportunities to be explored if you wish to be a part of it. Studying abroad is in itself a rich experience, a once in a lifetime opportunity. You could be granted the country’s citizenship and you would be a proud dual country citizen and a NRI and would be given more than enough opportunities in your own country if you wish to return. But the problem with student studying abroad is that, the students are often so engrossed in the country’s cultural and professional culture that they refuse to return to their own country resulting in BRAIN-DRAIN.
Some intensive training programs are offered in New York City, Dublin, and Paris. In New York City, students may study drama, dramatic writing, media, journalism, filmmaking, advanced genetics, research in particular field or photography.
Each program is an outgrowth of the professional training thus students are immersed in an enriching experience and gain a better understanding of the nature of a professional training program. On-site works, internships, part-time jobs and field trips represent the diverse cultural traditions in each university and encourage students to expand their creative expression.
For more information please visit: - http://studyabroad.infinitecourses.com/
What Does Size Genetics Do to Enlarge Your Penis
Breasts can be one of the most important physical assets of a woman, especially those in the age range of 21-60, when the laws of attraction are the strongest. However, not all women are endowed with a pair of breasts that they can be proud of. And this is exactly why natural breast enlargement procedures such as breast enlargement creams and pills are exploding onto the consumer market today.
And the rise of online commerce has been a boon for most of the women who were looking for phenomenally bigger breasts, naturally attained. The online portals allow them to be discreet in their soliciting for help and yet attain considerably visible results!
So which are the best online dealers in the Natural Breast Enlargement Domain?
Even though there is a plethora of online domains that offer breast enhancement solutions to the masses, choosing one should be done with utmost care. And speaking of authentic and effective results, Triactol is one of the most talked about names in the breast enhancement industry. Triactol Breast Serum uses some ingenious ingredients and techniques to help lift sagging breasts and also help women to get bigger breasts naturally!
What is the Magic Behind the Triactol Breast Serum?
The Triactol Breast Serum uses all of the techniques that are used by natural breast enlargement creams, albeit in a more potent and effective manner. While breast enlargement creams help initiate the production of breast muscle tissues and cell reproduction through hormones like estrogen – which help build the dream pair of assets you had always coveted.
Studies prove that the Triactol Breast Serum also uses a rare but massively effective natural extract called "Pueraria Mirifica". And the fact that Triactol uses this extract straight from the plants located in the Chiengmai forests in Thailand ensures that they are of the purest form when used. But why Pueraria Mirifica you ask? Because according to a study by Thailand's government authorities, the extract is potentially the best natural breast enlargement solution at hand (breast enhancement being effected by at least 82.35% and breast firmness by over 88.23%).
These ecstatic figures are no secret to the breast enlargement cream dealers. However, the only deterrent in using copious amounts of this magical extract is the rarity of the same. And by law of nature, the rarer a valuable product is, the more expensive it has to be! This is why you wouldn't see more than a minor percentage of Pueraria Mirifica in most of the breast enhancement creams in the industry.
However, Triactol Bust Serum ‘busts' this mindset. With only a minor compromise in the budget price (you would not mind spending a few dollars more for a few centimeters added to your bustline, would you?), natural breast enlargement has been given the much needed potency that it required through Triactol.
Applied quite akin to any average breast enhancement cream, Triactiol Bust Serum seeps through to the tissues and help improve the firmness of your bosom. And to be fair, getting bigger breasts naturally can also compromise on the firmness of the same – which is exactly what Triactol does not do!
And as far as natural breast enlargement is concerned, it is better off to stick to safe and natural ingredients than opt for untested ones!
Genetically Modified Bt Brinjal Saga
Recent decision of the Government of India (GoI) to impose a moratorium on the release of Bt-Brinjal has been hailed by civil society and scientists as a victory for transparency and has demonstrated that the government is responsive to societal demands. This decision is also important since it could set a precedent within environmental regulation with reference to technologies with significant environmental risks. However, the decision also reflects a clear departure from procedure and its legal basis is tenuous and therefore the risk of it being reversed remains. This establishes a clear case for ensuring legal certainty in environmental regulations especially in the case of technologies with significant risks attached to it.
Bt Brinjal is a transgenic variety of brinjal, which contains a gene (Cry1Ac), artificially introduced into its genome, mainly from a soil bacterium called bacillus thuringienesis (Bt). This is said to give the brinjal plant, resistance against pests.
Bt Brinjal is being developed in India by Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco), a subsidiary of the multinational Monsanto. Although they claim that genetically modified crops will increase yield, the same has not been proved anywhere in the world in the history of GM crops.
Given the controversy around this technology in farming, public consultations were undertaken by Jairam Ramesh. The controversy surrounds the introduction of Bt Brinjal in the market inspite of the claims of increase in productivity and crop yield. This is because this technology, if used, would results in loss of economic independence of farmers causing economic exploitation; loss of traditional rights of farmers over seeds; it would cause irreversible loss to bio-diversity of the country; lead to Environmental degradation etc. Moreover, numerous experiments all over the world have shown that Bt in particular and GM crops in general pose tremendous health risks. Studies have demonstrated that animals developed terrible hazards to kidney, liver, pancreas etc.
The regulatory framework for GMOs in India is presented as involving the conformance with:
1989 Rules and Procedures for the Manufacture, Import, Use, Research and Release of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (hereinafter 1989 Rules) including products made by the use of such organisms under the Environment Protection Act,1986 and
1990 Indian Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines and Regulations
Based on these Rules and Guidelines, the agencies responsible for implementation of the rules are MoEF and the Dept. of Biotechnology, GoI. Six competent authorities involved in the process of regulating GMOs are identified under Section 4 of the 1989 Rules. The statutory authority to take decisions on the release of GMOs however, rests with the GEAC, which is the apex decision making body. In case of Bt Brinjal however, GEAC took the unorthodox step of referring the matter to the government for its final decision. This happens to have been done because the GEAC recognises that there is an opposition to GM crops as well as criticism to the manner in which the body conducts itself. Gene Campaign had filed a PIL in the Supreme Court in 2004 asking for improved regulatory system, incorporating technical competency, technology etc. The PIL also requested a moratorium on commercial release until regulatory system was demonstrably improved. The case is still pending in the Supreme Court, with no signs of resolution.
In the meantime GEAC has pre-empted everything and given clearance for cultivation of Bt Brinjal, ignoring the fact that there is no labelling system in place, nor a law or liability. For instance, if some harm were to come from commercialisation of Bt brinjal, either to farmers or to consumers who consume the vegetable, there in no law in place according to which the Mahyco company could be held responsible and be made to pay compensation.
The manner in which the GEAC approved Bt brinjal but passed on the responsibility to the government shows that it is not confident about standing behind its own decision. The time has become available after the environment minister's moratorium must be used to strengthen the regulatory regime and put in place systems that secures public interest and earns public's confidence. Anything else would bid farewell for the future of Indian agriculture and safety of its food chain.