A Review on Clinical Laboratory Outbreak of Sudden Death Syndrome in Broiler Chicken in Kathmandu Valley Nepal
A Review on Clinical Laboratory Outbreak of Sudden Death Syndrome in Broiler Chicken in Kathmandu Valley Nepal
Kedar Karki ; Pragya Koirala
Central Veterinary Laboratory in Kathmandu Tripureshwor Nepal
ABSTRACT:
Sudden death of broiler birds of above 40 days was suddenly increased in the month of August 2008 in Kathmandu valley. Birds which were presented for post-mortem examination in Central Veterinary Laboratory Tripureswor Kathmandu were usually found dead on their backs with wings out-stretched. Incidence of this condition recorded was between 1.5 to 2.5% of the flock. The mean mortality due to sudden death syndrome was 1.3 - 9.6% and mortality was peak after 6 week of age. Post-mortem necropsies of birds affected by Sudden Death Syndrome were well-fleshed with edema and general pulmonary congestion. Feed was present along the entire digestive tract and the gall bladder was empty. The liver and kidneys were slightly congested and have patchy subcapsular hemorrhage. The heart was containing clotted blood in the atria and the ventricles are most often empty. Microbial and Mycobial culture of tissue samples of liver, lung, spleen, Proventriculus revealed in majority of samples the growth of Penicillium and Aspergillus spp of fungus and E.coli and Staphylococcus spp of bacteria. On feed restriction, supplementation of glucose containing electrolyte, liquid toxin binder, Immunomodulaters, acidifier and antibiotic reduced the mortality. The condition seems to be related to fast growth rate . In extreme situations, feed restriction need to be practiced which will virtually eliminate sudden death syndrome. A practical approach seems to use diets with 5-7% reduction in nutrient density. Giving more space and supportive treatment with anti-stress medicine may be beneficial.
Key word:
Sudden death syndrome , broiler birds, Microbial and Mycobial culture, Penicillium and Aspergillus spp of fungus, feed restriction, glucose containing electrolyte, liquid toxin binder, Immunomodulaters, acidifier,
Background of outbreak of Sudden Death Syndrome in Kathmandu Valley.
During the first week of August 2008 there sudden increase in mortality of broilers of above 6 week age. Just before death birds appear normal and it is common to observe that these birds will be feeding, drinking or walking normally. Birds exhibit clinical signs such as extending their neck, squawk and start wing beating as well as leg extension before fall back on their back and birds used to die suddenly. Post-mortem necropsies of birds affected by Sudden Death Syndrome were well-fleshed with edema and general pulmonary congestion. Feed was present along the entire digestive tract and the gall bladder was empty. The liver and kidneys were slightly congested and have patchy subcapsular hemorrhage. The heart was containing clotted blood in the atria and the ventricles are most often empty.
Material and Methods:
1: Clinical Epidemiological observation of affected flocks.
2: Post-mortem examination and Microbial and Mycobial evaluation of tissue samples.
3: Evaluation of possible treatment and preventive measure
Epidemiology of Affected flock with sudden Death Syndrome in Month of August 2008:
Table: 1
Duration
no.of farm
Population at risk
Morbidity
Mortality
no.of samoles
First week
22
16620
4250
369
44
Second week
14
15450
1235
232
28
Third week
20
10260
848
157
40
Fourth week
30
15700
2380
149
60
Total
86
58030
8713
907
172
Postmortem finding of SDS birds:
Postmortem finding of birds which died of sudden death syndrome revealed all birds were well-fleshed with edema and general pulmonary congestion. Feed was present along the entire digestive tract and the gall bladder was empty. The liver and kidneys were slightly congested and have patchy subcapsular hemorrhage. The heart with containing clotted blood in the atria and the ventricles were most often empty. The edematous lung was observed. There was milky fluid in proventricular gland and intact food particles were present in gizzard, spleenomegally to spleeno atrophy was observed in almost all birds which were examined.
Laboratory Finding of Mycobiota and Micro biota of Postmortem Tissue samples:A total 86 tissue samples of lung,liver,speen,peoventriculus gizzard,were collected during postmortem examination and were subjected for both bacterial and mycological culture in respective media for culture and identification laboratory findings of which is presented below.
Table: 2
Samples numbers
Bacterial spp isolated
Fungal spp.isolated
Positive no
negative no
86
E.coli,Streptococcus,Staphylococcus spp.
59
27
86
Aspergillus,Penicillium,Candida spp
58
28
172
117
55
Treatment and Preventive measure advised to rest of birds in flock:
All birds remaining in flocks were advised two restrict the feed up to 8-10% and feed to twice daily only. Along with this it was advised to supplement glucose containing electrolyte liquid toxin binders like toxolivum ,toxol, kokonil, immunomodulater like immunocare,and and simple broad-spectrum antibiotics were advised to provide in water while supplementation of multivitamin B complex was totally withdrawn .
Review of literatures:
Sudden Death Syndrome is an acute heart failure disease that affects mainly male fast growing chickens that seem to be in good condition. The birds suddenly start to flap their wings, lose their balance, sometimes cry out, and then fall on their backs or sides and die; usually all within a minute (Satya 1).Sudden Death Syndrome kills 0.1% to 3% of broilers in European Countries. UK survey of broiler ascites and sudden death syndrome in 1993(The Welfare of Broiler Chicken 2). H.A. Upandra reported that Broilers that die of sudden death syndrome show no specific abnormalities. Birds usually male, appear healthy and are often above average flock body weight. Just before death birds appear normal and it is common to observe that these birds will be feeding, drinking or walking normally. Birds exhibit clinical signs such as extending their neck, squawk and start wing beating as well as leg extension before fall back on their back. Hence some farmers call this condition as cases of heart attack. Death occurs within minutes. Post mortem examination fails to exhibit any specific lesion. Hence it is also considered as a Behavioral Disease. However many workers who recorded behavioral pattern of birds concluded that there is no single behavior pattern can be attributed to this condition.
Pathology of sudden death syndrome is studied many workers and they found that birds affected by sudden death syndrome are always well-fleshed with edema and general pulmonary congestion. Feed is present along the entire digestive tract and the gall bladder is usually empty. The liver and kidneys may be slightly congested and have patchy subcapsular hemorrhage. The heart may contain clotted blood in the atria and the ventricles are most often empty. The edematous lung observed in cases of SDS was thought to be the contributing factor of death but in all probabilities it is a normal observation in birds that on their back for some time.
A number of studies have been aimed at correlating changes in tissue mineral, electrolyte and fat content as it relates to Sudden Death Syndrome. Sudden Death Syndrome affected birds showed elevated levels of liver calcium and reduced iron in lungs and kidneys. A small but statistically significant reduction in the potassium content and an increase in sodium content of heart tissue are also
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY IN LACTATING COWS & THEIR CALVES
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is agro based country. Its economy is mostly depends on agriculture (BBS 2002). Livestock plays an important role in nutrition - directly through the consumption of animal products by livestock owners and their families; and indirectly through the sale of animals and animal products as a source of income (FAO report ,1999).
The genetic composition of animals in the production system determines the response of the system to the different inputs. Often, local livestock breeds do not produce at a high level as they have been selected for survival under difficult conditions, including under-nutrition and exposure to various diseases. In contrast, highly productive breeds are more susceptible to disease, thereby increasing the need for animal health measures. These animals often require a high level of nutrition to gain the production benefits (FAO report, 1999).
Many animals receive maintenance or below maintenance levels of nutrition resulting in low levels of production. Increasing the quantity of feed by reducing the number of animals does not provide a solution as the nutritional value of the available feed is low. The addition of a small amount of higher quality feed can have a large effect on production in this situation. In the case of milk production, the use of cattle with a small body size would result in reduced maintenance requirements of the animal, thus enabling more efficient use of available feed for milk production (FAO report, 1999).
When animals are fed a low quality rations and are not protected from disease, genetic traits for survival are more important than those for production. With an increase in nutrition and health, large gains are made in productivity. Improvements in production traits only become important once certain conditions in health and nutrition are met and production levels reached. These conditions vary between species. Livestock health is a limiting factor to production (FAO report, 1999).
Physiological equilibrium is maintained mainly by the blood in the body (Geneser, 1986).but many physiological conditions may alter this equilibrium. When thorough history and physical examination fail to yield a diagnosis in difficult cases, many practitioners turn to blood samples for a complete blood count and chemistry panel, hoping these tests will identify the problem (Navarre Christine, 2007).
Normal blood work can rule out some diseases. And if there are abnormalities, they might aid in establishing a prognosis and/or developing a therapeutic plan, even if a specific diagnosis is lacking (Navarre Christine, 2007).
The importance of hematobiochemical indices in animal husbandry is well acknowledged. Metabolic disturbance usually by inappropriate feeding without manifestation of clinical symptoms are important in animal husbandry and may cause insufficiently developed breeding cattle (Radostits et al., 2003).
The changes in hematological constituents are important indicators of the physiological or pathological state of the animal (Ahmed Ijaz et al., 2003).Blood examination is also performed for screening procedure to asses general health (Gutienez et al., 1971; Jain, N.C; Peinado,V.I. et al., 1993).
The complete blood count (CBC) is an important and powerful diagnostic tool as a component of a minimum database. It can be used to monitor response to therapy, to gage the severity of an illness or as a starting point for formulating a list of differential diagnosis. Interpretation of the (CBC) can be broken down into three sections: evaluation of the erythrocyte, leukocyte and platelets. Each of these parameters can be interpret individually: however , integration of the data is important for the highest diagnostic yield (Barger et al., 2003).
It is well known that variables such as breed, stage of growth, age, reproduction status and stage of lactation have an influence on many blood parameters (Doornenbal et al., 1988).
Hematological values such as total red blood cell count (Koubkova et al., 2002) packed cell volume (El-Nouty et al., 1990), Mean corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and hemoglobin concentration (Kumar et al., 2000) and white blood cell (Gutienez-De Lar et al., 1971), i.e lymphocyte and Monocyte are indicated adaptability to adverse environmental condition. However, hematological values are used for indicating stress and welfare (Anderson et al., 1999). Determination of normal values for hematological and blood biochemical values are important for the clinical interpretation of laboratory data. These indices may vary depending on factors such as sex, age, weather, stress, season and physical exercise ( Kaneco et al.,1999).
Hence, the hematological values during different physiological situations should be known for the diagnosis of various pathological and metabolic disorders, which can adversely affect the productive and reproductive performance of cows, resulting in great economic losses to dairy farmers ( Pyne and Maria, 1981; Dutta et al., 1988 ).
There is less research work in Bangladesh on the hematological and biochemical profiling of cow and its calf.
Aim of the study:
To know the hematology and biochemical values in calf.
To compare the hematology and biochemical values of cow and calf.
To know the nutritional and disease status of animal.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Study Period
This study was conducted for a period of 17 days ( 26 , August-11 september,2009) in Metro Dairy Farm, Kulgaon, Hathazary, Chittagong.
Selection of Farm
Chittagong area is potential for dairy farm because of its high demand of fluid milk, suitable weather, feeds and fodder availability, available veterinary facilities from Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. So there is good communication with university and dairy farms as for giving various technical supports to the farms and for some research work also. Metro Dairy Farm was selected for conducting the study because of its suitable location, large population, satisfactory record keeping system, proper feeding and management and also for their kind cooperation.
Study population
Study population was 30 cross bred multiparous (HF X Local, Shahiwal X Local, HF x Shahiwal X Local.) lactating cows and their 30 calves. Cows were in different age and production status. Calves were also in different age and feeding stage.
Health status of animal
All animals involved in this study were clinically healthy and for ensure this clinical history was reviewed with the farm manager with the examination of physical condition. Their physiological status of cows were non pregnant lactating cow . Calves were mostly lives on milk and some are grass also.
General Management System of METRO DAIRY FARM
Housing System-The pattern of housing is both face -in and face-out system. There is different shed for different status of animal eg. milch cow shed, heifer shed, dry cow shed, pregnant cow shed and calf shed. In every shed there is individual cow distance, common allay, gutter etc. The floor is made of concrete. Surface of the floor is even and generally no bedding material is used. There is proper drainage facility and quick disposal of animal waste. Farm workers wash the floor three times daily and bath the cows once daily. There is both natural and artificial air flow and available light in every shed.
Feeding System- There are separate mangers for each of the cattle. Both roughage and concentrates are offered to them. The farmer grows German grass besides the farm area and have own cattle feed mil. Available green fodder is supplied from own fodder land and Concentrate from own feed mil called Metro Dairy Feed. Only straw is bought from other
Concentrate mixture contains- Rice polish,Wheat bran , Broken maize,Broken rice ,Tiloil cake,Mustard oil cake, coconut oil cake,Pulse husk, Molasses, salt,Toxin binder etc.The feeding schedule-Concentrate and straw is supplied at 10am, green fodder at 12am again concentrate at 6.30pm and straw at 7.30pm.
Calf Management- The calves are weaned and usually fed by pale feeding. Colostrums feeding is practiced by nipple drinker. They supply drinking water from underground water source. They supply concentrate according to thumb rule (3 kg for maintainance+50% of the milk production).
Production Management--The farm produces about 310 lit liters in the morning and about 110 liters at afternoon. The average daily yield of the farm is about 420 liters. The farmer practice hand milking. Before milking milker's hands and teat dipping is practiced buy potassium per manganate PPM (0.1%). They also practice dry cow therapy for drying the cows.
Breeding management--Most of the milkers detect heat of their cows during milking in the morning and AI usually done within 10-14hrs by AI technician. Usually AI is done 2 times per conception for each of the cows . Sometimes natural service is practiced by the farmers. Mostly they use HF semen. Generally they keep AI sheet as a breeding record which is provided by AI technician. AI technician or Veterinarian diagnose the pregnancy by rectal palpation.
Health Therapeutics and Preventive Management--There is a least prevalence of infectious diseases in the farm. When any symptom of sickness arises the farmer calls a veterinarian. Anthelmentic treatment and vaccination is regularly
Mesothelioma Clinical Trials
Clinical trials, phases I through III, are experimental treatments that have not yet been proven to be effective enough to be accepted as standard treatment. In fact, they are done for the purpose of determining whether they are or are not effective, and of determining to what degree they are effective. Results from clinical trials are compared with other forms of treatment to determine the most effective treatments under varying conditions. Clinical trials types include:
• Prevention trials
• Screening trials
• Diagnostic trials
• Treatment trials
• Quality-of-life, or Supportive care trials
• Genetics studies
What Kinds of Clinical Trials are Available for Mesothelioma Patients?
Clinical trials for treatment of mesothelioma might be designed to find a new treatment, or to improve a standard one. They test new drugs, radiation therapy, vaccines, new methods of surgery, or new treatment combinations.
Quality-of-life, also called supportive care trials work to improve cancer patients’ and survivors’ quality of life, comfort, or reduce the side effects of treatment or the cancer, itself.
How to Enroll in a Clinical Trial.
If your physician is unable to offer you a treatment or surgical option that he believes will cure, or improve, your condition, you may be eligible to enroll in a clinical trial. Your physician will be able to tell you which clinical trials are appropriate for you, and how to enroll.
Who Pays for Clinical Trials?
Clinical trials are not free. As with any medical treatment, you are responsible to pay for payment. If you have health insurance, you will need to find out whether or not they cover the particular clinical trial you intend to undergo. If your policy states that it considers clinical trials to be experimental or investigative, it may not cover any or your expenses for this treatment.
Increasingly, states are passing laws that require coverage for at least the routine care you would get during a clinical trial. These include doctor visits, hospital stays, lab work and x-rays and other costs common to any covered treatment that you might receive. In most cases the group sponsoring the trial will cover some of the costs of the clinical trials. These would include the costs that are related to tests that are done solely for research purposes.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is one of those research groups. NCI is working with major health insurance companies and managed care groups, and Medicare covers patient care clinical trial costs. NCI offers links to articles about clinical trials that may answer many of your questions. Other links to valuable information are at NCI Publications.
What Happens During a Clinical Trial?
There are four phases of treatment clinical trials:
Phase I: First step in testing a new treatment in humans
• Evaluates effective dose, route of delivery, and frequency of treatment
• Evaluates harmful side effects
• Involves only a small number of human subjects
Phase II:
• Studies safety and effectiveness of this treatment
• Evaluates effect on human body
• Limits to a specific type of cancer
• Involves fewer than 100 patients
Phase III: Compares this treatment to the current standard treatment
• Patients are randomly assigned to either the standard treatment or the one under study
• Treatments at phase III have shown promise based upon results from phases I and II
• Involves large numbers of people from many different places in the country
Phase IV:
• Evaluate the long-term safety and outcomes of this treatment
• Usually done after treatment is approved as a standard treatment
• Involves hundreds to thousands of people to ensure consistency in results
A 2002 study at phase III showed that a new chemotherapy drug regimen was effective in extending the lives of mesothelioma patients while reducing pain and discomfort.
Dallas Weight Loss-Dallas Weight Loss Clinic-Weight Loss Doctor
Title: Dallas Weight Loss Surgery
There are different types of weight loss surgery. When you make the choice to have weight loss surgery, it is usually because you have been through everything else possible and you can still not lose weight. Obesity can come from genetic, environmental, and metabolic disorders.
Examples of weight loss surgery for obesity include:
Adjustable Gastric Banding is among the least invasive weight loss surgery. This uses an inflatable band to squeeze the stomach into two sections; a smaller upper pouch and a larger lower section. Although these two are still connected, the channel between them is very small, which slows down the emptying of the upper section. It restricts the amount of food that you can take in at a meal. The food also needs to be soft or well-chewed. The types of gastric bands include the LAP-Band and Realize.
Vertical Banded Gastroplasty is like adjustable gastric banding. It divides the stomach into two parts, although with both a band a surgical staples. This one is now less common because it did not have as good results as the other techniques; however, it is still an option.
Sleeve Gastrectomy is a relatively new form of restrictive weight loss surgery. In the operation, which is usually done with a laparoscope, it removes approximately 75% of the stomach. What remains of the stomach is a narrow tube or sleeve, which is then connected to the intestines. This is usually the first step of a series of weight loss surgeries. However, it could end up being the only surgery that is required.
Gastric Bypass Surgery is the most common weight loss surgery. This weight loss surgery combines both the malabsorptive and restrictive surgery approaches. It can be done as either minimally invasive or open surgery. The surgeon divides the stomach into two parts, sealing off the upper section from the lower section. The surgeon then connects the upper stomach directly to the lower section of the small intestine. The surgeon is essentially creating a shortcut for the food, bypassing a section of the stomach and the small intestine. Skipping these parts of the digestive tract means that fewer calories get absorbed into the body.
Biliopancreatic Diversion is essentially a more drastic version of gastric bypass. Part of the stomach, as much as seventy percent, is removed and even more of the small intestine is bypassed. This procedure removes less of the stomach and bypasses less of the small intestine. It also reduces the risks of some of the possible side effects.
There are many different types of weight loss surgery for obesity. Which one that you choose is completely up to you, but you need to be prepared before making that decision. Discuss with your surgeon the best solutions for you and also discuss the risks of each surgery. Doing your research on each surgery before you make your decision is very important. You are making a lifelong commitment which will result in lifelong changes. Do not take the research portion of this decision lightly. It will make a difference on your satisfaction level.
Mayo Clinic: Broccoli May Reverse Fatal Diabetes Complications
The Mayo Clinic, one of world’s leading medical institutions, reported recently that broccoli may help diabetics with a number of complications, including vascular and coronary disease and cancer. These are hot topics, we have people constantly asking for the details of a diabetic diet.
An active ingredient in broccoli, known as sulforaphane, produces enzymes that protect blood vessels by reducing tissue damaging substances triggered by high blood sugar levels. Supplements were born from studies like this.
Technically referred to as ‘activation of NF-E2-related factor-2reversal of biochemical dysfunction of endothelial cells induced by hyperglycemia linked to vascular disease’, broccoli, in short, helps prevent vascular disease in diabetics.
A major complication of Type 2 diabetes, vascular disease, if left unchecked, can lead to heart disease, strokes, damage to small vessels of the eye (blindness), kidney failure and circulation to extremities, leading to possible amputation.
Sulforaphane works by activating genes that regulate antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes.
Additional broccoli studies confirm that other compounds in this vegetable help boost genes that prevent damaged genetic information from passing to future generation cells, helping to reduce cancer.
One cancer risk in particular, prostate cancer, was found to be cut by 45% in men who ate just one broccoli serving per week.
The most recent study linking a diet rich in brassica vegetables (broccoli) was conducted at the University of Warwick (England) and first reported in Diabetes, a British medical journal.
Diabetics are five times more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, than non-diabetics.
High blood sugar levels in diabetics are directly linked to damaged blood vessels, which, in turn cause these related disease complications.
Professor Paul Thornalley, lead researcher on the Warwick study noted that “our study suggests that compounds such as sulforaphane from broccoli may help counter processes linked to the development of vascular disease in diabetes.”
Brassica oleracea species or broccoli is part of the cabbage family, dating back to Ancient Rome.
Grown in cool weather climates, this green vegetable is high in natural Vitamin C and soluble fiber containing multiple nutrients with strong anti-cancer properties including Vitamin B6, Folate, Potassium, Vitamin B2, Vitamin K and others.
It can be found in three commonly grown types. The most familiar in the United States is Calabrese with green heads and thick stalks. Other varieties include Roamesco broccoli, which is yellow-green in color, and purple cauliflower, with a head shaped like cauliflower.
For highest nutritional values, broccoli should be steamed or eaten raw as boiling dramatically lowers anti-cancer compounds.
In addition to the growing body of research showing the beneficial value of broccoli in reducing cardiovascular problems and cancer, it has also been shown to enhance the immune system, with anti-viral, anti-bacterial activities. It all leads to how supplements support the weaknesses in our daily diets.
ProvenResultsHealth Diab-X http://www.provenresultshealth.com/ Please visit us to learn more about how the natural, herbal ingredients in Diab-X help by promoting normal blood sugar levels, healthy body weight BMI, proper insulin function. 888-600-6856